On this page you can find some examples how to use in-text citations and references.
| In-text citation | References | |
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The author is given print publications |
Basic rule: Author’s last name year of publication, page number(s) |
Basic rule: Author’s last name, Initial letter(s) of the given name(s). Year of publication. Title. Publisher’s location: Publisher. |
| (Sword 2012, 4) |
Sword, H. 2012. Stylish Academic Writing. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. |
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In-text citation |
References |
| Author. Year of publication or update. Title. URL address. Date when accessed. | |
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(Statistics Finland 2020)
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Statistics Finland. 2020. Turnover of the environmental goods and services sector by product classes 2019. http://www.stat.fi/til/ylt/2019/ylt_2019_2020-12-10_kuv_001_en.html. 28.1.2021. |
| (World Health Organization 2020) | World Health Organization. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report, 30. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331119. 1.1.2021. |
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In-text citation |
Reference |
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Author. Year of publication. Title of the article. Name of the publication (journal) volume (issue), page numbers (from–to). |
| (Tuulentie 2019) | Tuulentie, S. 2019. Immigrants in Northern Nature. Environmental Biographies through Photo Elicitation. Matkailututkimus 15 (2), 51–57. |
| In-text citation | Reference |
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Standard No. 1234 and page that is referred to. The standard includes the acronym, such as EN, EU-OSHA, ISO or SFS-EN, number, comma and the year of confirmation. |
Standard No. 1234. Year. Title of the standard. Organization that made the standard.
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(CEN ISO/IEC TR 25060, 2017) |
CEN ISO/IEC TR 25060. 2017. Systems and software engineering - Systems and software product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) - Common Industry Format (CIF) for usability: General framework for usability-related information. CEN Technical Secretariat. |
| In-text citation | Reference |
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There are various types of databases, and it is appropriate to give different information on the source. |
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Example from StatFin databases: (TOL 2008) |
TOL. 2008. Enterprise openings and closures by municipality and industrial activity, 2013Q1-2020Q4. |
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In-text citations |
Reference |
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The act or statute number/ year. *Remember to add the section and subsection. |
Document name number/year. *You can also refer to Finlex. |
| (Working Time Act 872/2019, 7 §) | Working Time Act 872/2019. (English translation 18.12.2020.) https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2019/en20190872.pdf. 21.2.2021. |
| (Government Decree on Innovation Funding Agency Business Finland and a limited liability company called Business Finland 1147/2017, 1 §) |
Government Decree on Innovation Funding Agency Business Finland and a limited liability company called Business Finland 1147/2017. (English translation 16.10.2019.) https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2017/en20171147.pdf. 1.1.2021. |
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In-text citation |
References |
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(ChatGPT 2023) |
List of references: name of the AI programme. Year. Subject or title of the text. Web address. Reference date. ChatGPT. 2023. What is AI?. Open AI. https://chat.openai.com. 30.3.2023. |
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In-text citation |
References |
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Author. Year of publication. In Editor(s) (Ed.) Title of the publication. Publisher’s location: Publisher, page numbers (from–to). |
| (Franzosi 2004) |
Franzosi, R. 2004. Content Analysis. In Hardy, M. & Bryman, A. (Eds.) Handbook of Data Analysis. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 548–565. |
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In-text citation |
References |
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Author year of update, (page number(s)) *If the year of publication is not available, the current year is used. The URL address is never added to the in-text citation. |
Author. Year of update. Title. Organisation. URL address. Date when accessed. *If the author is an organisation or group, do not mention them again. . |
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(Auvinen, Kallio, Neuvonen & Penttinen 2013.) (mentioned for the first time) (Auvinen et al. 2013) (mentioned later in the text) |
Auvinen P., Kallio U., Neuvonen L., Penttinen M. 2013. Karelia University of Applied Sciences Quality Handbook. Publications of Karelia University of Applied Sciences B:15, Karelia University of Applied Sciences. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-275-092-1. 28.1.2021 |
| (Finnish Immigration Office 2020) | Finnish Immigration Office. 2020. You can only apply for asylum if you are in Finland. https://migri.fi/en/asylum-in-finland. 20.2.2020. |
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In-text citation |
References |
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*Refer to the chapters if the e-book does not have page numbers. |
*The same information as in print publications. However, you should add the database or other location from where the source was retrieved. Additionally, mark the date when it was accessed. |
| (McCain 2016, 24) | McCain, D. 2016. Evaluation Basics. USA: ATD Press. Google books. https://urly.fi/1sNf. 27.2.2020. |
| (Schuh, Biddix, Dean & Kinzie 2016, Ch. 1) | Schuh, J.H., Biddix, J.P., Dean, L.A. & Kinzie, J. 2016. Assessment in Student Affairs. USA: John Wiley & Sons. E-Book Central. 10.3.2020. |
| In-text citation | Reference |
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Author(s). Year of publication. Title. University. Educational programme or faculty. Type of thesis (undergraduate, Master’s thesis, Doctoral dissertation). URL address. Date when accessed. |
| (Mattila 2020, 10) |
Mattila, O. 2020. Developing International Services. Case: Tampere Chamber of Commerce. Tampere University of Applied Sciences. International Business. Bachelor’s Thesis. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2020112524215. 1.2.2020. |
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In-text citation |
References |
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*The in-text citation includes the last name of the informant, such as the interviewee and the year. |
Interview: The name of the interviewee. Year of the interview. Position or title of the interviewee. Organisation date. Spoken presentation, such as a lecture: Name. Year. Title of the presentation. Place of the presentation and date. |
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(Onninen 2013) |
Onninen, O. 2013. Project Manager. Karelia University of Applied Sciences. Recorded interview 1.1.2013. |
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(Lemmetyinen 2013) |
Lemmetyinen, J. 2013. Verkkokurssien ja -oppimateriaalien käsikirjoittaminen. Luento Karelia-ammattikorkeakoulussa Verkkokurssien käsikirjoitus -koulutuksessa 29.1.2013. [Writing manuscripts for online courses and materials: Lecture at Karelia University of Applied Sciences on Writing Manuscripts training 29.1.2013.] |
| (Labun 2021) | Labun, M. 2021. Communication – The Essential Skill. Online webinar by Achieve, Centre for Leadership 1.2.2021. |
| In-text citation | References |
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*If the work is mentioned for the first time, the year of publication (release) is mentioned in brackets (parentheses). |
Movies: Title. Year of release. Director. Production company. Country. Games: Title. Year of release. Production company. |
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The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), a movie written and directed by Wes Anderson, recounts the adventures of a legendary concierge at a famous European hotel and the lobby boy who becomes his friend. |
The Grand Budapest Hotel. 2014. Anderson, W. Fox Searchlight Pictures. USA. |
| Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain (2015) is a stealth game in which players take the role of Punished "Venom" Snake. |
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain. 2015. Konami. |
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In-text citation |
References |
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Author. Year. Title of the blog text. Date when written. URL address. Date when accessed. |
| (Peterson 2021) | Peterson, A. 2021. Getting a Grip on What’s Next for Robotics in Manufacturing. Manufacturing Innovation Blog. 21.01.2021. https://www.nist.gov/blogs/manufacturing-innovation-blog/getting-grip-whats-next-robotics-manufacturing. 28.1.2021. |
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In-text citation |
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*Instead of the title, write a few words from the beginning of the posting. |
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Company: (Arbonaut 2020) |
Arbonout. 2020. Facebook pages. https://www.facebook.com/arbonaut. 24.1.2021. |
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Person: (Schenkelberg 2018) |
Schenkelberg, F. 2018. Why Use DOE. 15.2.2018. https://www.facebook.com/fms95032. 24.1.2020. |
| In-text citation | References |
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Author. Year of publication. Title of the video. Service provider. URL address. Date when cited. |
| (ProQuestRefworks 2013) | ProQuestRefworks. 2013. "RefWorks Write-N-Cite 4: Installing & Logging In." YouTube-video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL_OyAJLpPI. 24.2.2020. |